Coffee bioactive components include caffeine, chlorogenic acids (CGAs), trigonelline, tryptophan alkaloids, diterpenes and other secondary metabolites.

The 4M's in the production operation are the materials, manpower, machine and money.

These M's are: Miscela: The coffee-blend; it covers the selection and blending of the beans as well as proper roasting. Macinazione: The grinder; proper grinding of the given blend and its usage when its still fresh. Macchina: The espresso-machine; usage of the given grounds with a proper espresso-machine.

Brewed coffee: Once brewed, you should consume coffee within 12 hours or refrigerate it for up to three or four days. Instant coffee: If you plan on drinking instant coffee, aim to use it within two weeks of opening the package.